ice cores
Introduction
Ice Cores are a palioclimatologists record of the past, they are made up of snow compacted over years. Ice Cores are time lines of the chemical composition of snow hundreds of years back (Riebeck). ice cores allow researchers to create a record of greenhouse gasses, and climate change for over one hundred thousand years into the past (Wais Divide).
Creation of ice cores
Ice core themselves are samples of snow that has been compacted into ice, Ice Core samples are blue due to the compacting that has occurred (Riebeck). the layers of compressed snow show annual bands that differentiate between winter and summer, the layers are chemically and texturally different (Riebeck). the difference between winter and suimmer snow is that the summer snow in antarctica has the sun shining on it 24 hours a day. In winter it is dark 24 hours a day (Riebeck). the textures are different because the sun causes the snow to melt together slightly more than winter snow (Riebeck).
anatomy of an Ice Core sample
ice core samples can be up to 2 miles long depending on sample size. near the top is the youngest snow called firn, this is about 53 meters deep into the sample (Riebeck). deeper snow is compacted further, its about 1,800 meters deep. the bottom of the core is about 3,000 meters deep, its filled with sand, silt and rock that discolor the ice (Riebeck).
History
in order unlock the secrets locked within the ice scientists began to drill in the ice in the 1960's. the grisp2 project started in the 1960's and didn't end until the early 1990's (Riebeck). took a core sample that was 2 miles long and held a record for the past 110,000 years, other ice core samples have brought back information that goes back 750,000 years (Riebeck). ice core usually come from the polar ice caps, but some have come from mountain regions. regions such as Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, the Andes Mountains in Peru, and the Himalayas in Asia (Riebeck).
works cited
West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide (WAIS Divide) Ice Core http://www.waisdivide.unh.edu/
Riebeek, Holli design by Robert Simmon December 19, 2005 "Paleoclimatology Frozen in Time: the Ice Core Record" http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Paleoclimatology_IceCores/
"Ice Cores That Tell the Past" http://www.gisp2.sr.unh.edu/MoreInfo/Ice_Cores_Past.html
America's investment in the future Science on the edge: arctic and antarctic discoveries "Ice
Cores Hold Earth's Climate" http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/arctic/climate.htm
Wednesday, February 25, 2009
Sunday, February 22, 2009
project 2
For the subject matter of this paper i picked animal psychology, the three papers that i read are: How animal psychology contributes to animal welfare by Shigeru Watanabe, The role of animal psychology in evolutionary biology by Peter Hammerstein, and Evidence for a Hierarchical Structure Underlying Avoidance Behavior by Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer.
the first one by Shigeru Watanabe is about animal psychology and its uses in animal welfare. it explores the idea that animal welfare is by extension human welfare in dealing with human embryos, for instance, and animals. like humans psychological well-being in necessary for animal welfare.
animal psychology is based on darwin's theory of evolution, from animal psychology is a subject known as anthropomorphism,a linear grouping of mental thinking. first all animals have "simple idea," higher thinking animals have the associational "complex idea," and only humans have "notional idea". however all these are observances, because we cannot know the minds of others, the basis of the observations is made when we witness behavior they express. this is called expression psychology. an example would be of a horse called hanz who could count, it was found through experimentation that he was not actually counting but relying upon the expression of the audience for when to stop counting.
the second article by peter hammerstien is about how closely linked animal psychology and evolutionary psychology is. an understanding of animal behavior is needed to understand why animals react they way they do in any given environment, from house cats to wild cats. animal psychology helps us as in humans, figure out what an animal will most likely act.
animal psychology seems to adapt itself to protect the animal from their own errors, such as how ants have a powerful navigational system. we cannot understand why an animal behaves the way it does unless if we understand its information procession. evolutionary biologists realized when reviewing the theories of animal psychology that simply explaining why an animal behaves the way it does not explain how it evolved. animal psychology gives explanation to why male lions exact infanticide in their own prides.
the third article by Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer is about avoidance behavioral learning. in witch in order to avoid a negative outcome the subject performs an action. such as receiving an electric shock. this is called negative reinforcement, the opposite is positive reinforcement in witch a subject performs an action for a reward. in particular this paper is about hierarchical arrangement of behavior depending on the stimulus.
for animals who have a complex thought process, they can be taught using avoidance learning. the writers of this article found that animals have a hierarchical avoidance lea ring structure, they would give that subject choices between positive reinforce rs and found consistently that the subject would respond to the prefer ed stimulus more than the undervalued stimulus.
WORKS CITED
Watanabe, Shigeru, "How animal psychology contributes to animal welfare" http://library.umd.umich.edu/
Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer, "Evidence for a Hierarchical Structure Underlying Avoidance Behavior"http://library.umd.umich.edu/
hammerstien, peter, "the role of animal psychology in evolutionary biology"http://library.umd.umich.edu/
the first one by Shigeru Watanabe is about animal psychology and its uses in animal welfare. it explores the idea that animal welfare is by extension human welfare in dealing with human embryos, for instance, and animals. like humans psychological well-being in necessary for animal welfare.
animal psychology is based on darwin's theory of evolution, from animal psychology is a subject known as anthropomorphism,a linear grouping of mental thinking. first all animals have "simple idea," higher thinking animals have the associational "complex idea," and only humans have "notional idea". however all these are observances, because we cannot know the minds of others, the basis of the observations is made when we witness behavior they express. this is called expression psychology. an example would be of a horse called hanz who could count, it was found through experimentation that he was not actually counting but relying upon the expression of the audience for when to stop counting.
the second article by peter hammerstien is about how closely linked animal psychology and evolutionary psychology is. an understanding of animal behavior is needed to understand why animals react they way they do in any given environment, from house cats to wild cats. animal psychology helps us as in humans, figure out what an animal will most likely act.
animal psychology seems to adapt itself to protect the animal from their own errors, such as how ants have a powerful navigational system. we cannot understand why an animal behaves the way it does unless if we understand its information procession. evolutionary biologists realized when reviewing the theories of animal psychology that simply explaining why an animal behaves the way it does not explain how it evolved. animal psychology gives explanation to why male lions exact infanticide in their own prides.
the third article by Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer is about avoidance behavioral learning. in witch in order to avoid a negative outcome the subject performs an action. such as receiving an electric shock. this is called negative reinforcement, the opposite is positive reinforcement in witch a subject performs an action for a reward. in particular this paper is about hierarchical arrangement of behavior depending on the stimulus.
for animals who have a complex thought process, they can be taught using avoidance learning. the writers of this article found that animals have a hierarchical avoidance lea ring structure, they would give that subject choices between positive reinforce rs and found consistently that the subject would respond to the prefer ed stimulus more than the undervalued stimulus.
WORKS CITED
Watanabe, Shigeru, "How animal psychology contributes to animal welfare" http://library.umd.umich.edu/
Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer, "Evidence for a Hierarchical Structure Underlying Avoidance Behavior"http://library.umd.umich.edu/
hammerstien, peter, "the role of animal psychology in evolutionary biology"http://library.umd.umich.edu/
Tuesday, February 17, 2009
draft of project II
For the subject matter of this paper i picked animal psychology, the three papers that i read are: How animal psychology contributes to animal welfare by Shigeru Watanabe, The role of animal psychology in evolutionary biology by Peter Hammerstein, and Evidence for a Hierarchical Structure Underlying Avoidance Behavior by Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer.
the first one by Shigeru Watanabe is about animal psychology and its uses in animal welfare. it explores the idea that animal welfare is by extension human welfare in dealing with human embryos, for instance, and animals. like humans psychological well-being in necessary for animal welfare
the second article by peter hammerstien is about how closely linked animal psychology and evolutionary psychology is. an understanding of animal behavior is needed to understand why animals react they way they do in any given environment, from house cats to wild cats. animal psychology helps us as in humans, figure out what an animal will most likely act.
the third article by Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer is about avoidance behavioral learning. in witch in order to avoid a negative outcome the subject performs an action. such as receiving an electric shock. this is called negative reinforcement, the opposite is positive reinforcement in witch a subject performs an action for a reward. in particular this paper is about hierarchical arrangement of behavior depending on the stimulus.
the first one by Shigeru Watanabe is about animal psychology and its uses in animal welfare. it explores the idea that animal welfare is by extension human welfare in dealing with human embryos, for instance, and animals. like humans psychological well-being in necessary for animal welfare
the second article by peter hammerstien is about how closely linked animal psychology and evolutionary psychology is. an understanding of animal behavior is needed to understand why animals react they way they do in any given environment, from house cats to wild cats. animal psychology helps us as in humans, figure out what an animal will most likely act.
the third article by Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer is about avoidance behavioral learning. in witch in order to avoid a negative outcome the subject performs an action. such as receiving an electric shock. this is called negative reinforcement, the opposite is positive reinforcement in witch a subject performs an action for a reward. in particular this paper is about hierarchical arrangement of behavior depending on the stimulus.
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