draft of project II

For the subject matter of this paper i picked animal psychology, the three papers that i read are: How animal psychology contributes to animal welfare by Shigeru Watanabe, The role of animal psychology in evolutionary biology by Peter Hammerstein, and Evidence for a Hierarchical Structure Underlying Avoidance Behavior by Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer.

the first one by Shigeru Watanabe is about animal psychology and its uses in animal welfare. it explores the idea that animal welfare is by extension human welfare in dealing with human embryos, for instance, and animals. like humans psychological well-being in necessary for animal welfare

the second article by peter hammerstien is about how closely linked animal psychology and evolutionary psychology is. an understanding of animal behavior is needed to understand why animals react they way they do in any given environment, from house cats to wild cats. animal psychology helps us as in humans, figure out what an animal will most likely act.

the third article by Mieke Declercq and Jan De Houwer is about avoidance behavioral learning. in witch in order to avoid a negative outcome the subject performs an action. such as receiving an electric shock. this is called negative reinforcement, the opposite is positive reinforcement in witch a subject performs an action for a reward. in particular this paper is about hierarchical arrangement of behavior depending on the stimulus.